CHAPTER 13: PLANT PROCESSES
OBJECTIVE: Investigate the diversity of living things and how they can be compared scientifically.
SECTION 1 Vocabulary: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
* PHOTOSYNTHESIS- the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food.
* CHLOROPHYLL- a green pigment that captures light energy for photosynthesis.
* CELLULAR RESPIRATION- the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food.
* STOMA- one of the many openings in a leaf or stem of a plant that enable gas exchange to occur.
* TRANSPIRATION- the process by which plants release water vapor into the air through the stoma.
SECTION 1 Summary: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- Plant cells have organelles called chloroplasts that are surrounded by two membranes and have one membrane called grana. The grana contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, which absorbs the light energy. the chlorophyll also gives most plants their green color. Plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food. Six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water needed to form on molecule of glucose and six molecules of oxygen. Glucose molecules store energy, and any excess glucose is converted into another sugar called sucrose or stored as starch. Many above-ground plants have a waxy cuticle. Carbon dioxide enters the plants leaves through the stomata, and when the stomata are open, oxygen enters the plant. Water vapor also enters the plant on this way. Plants that produce photosynthesis are usually the base of a food chain and plants, animals, and most other organisms rely on cellular respiration to get energy,
SECTION 1 Vocabulary: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
* PHOTOSYNTHESIS- the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food.
* CHLOROPHYLL- a green pigment that captures light energy for photosynthesis.
* CELLULAR RESPIRATION- the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food.
* STOMA- one of the many openings in a leaf or stem of a plant that enable gas exchange to occur.
* TRANSPIRATION- the process by which plants release water vapor into the air through the stoma.
SECTION 1 Summary: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- Plant cells have organelles called chloroplasts that are surrounded by two membranes and have one membrane called grana. The grana contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, which absorbs the light energy. the chlorophyll also gives most plants their green color. Plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food. Six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water needed to form on molecule of glucose and six molecules of oxygen. Glucose molecules store energy, and any excess glucose is converted into another sugar called sucrose or stored as starch. Many above-ground plants have a waxy cuticle. Carbon dioxide enters the plants leaves through the stomata, and when the stomata are open, oxygen enters the plant. Water vapor also enters the plant on this way. Plants that produce photosynthesis are usually the base of a food chain and plants, animals, and most other organisms rely on cellular respiration to get energy,
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
This is a diagram of the process of photosynthesis. First the chloroplasts absorb the energy( carbon dioxide) in the leaves of the plant. Then, the carbon dioxide is transformed into food and the waste is oxygen.
SECTION 2 Vocabulary: REPRODUCTION OF FLOWERING PLANTS
* DORMANT- describes the inactive state of a seed or other plant part when conditions are unfavorable to growth.
SECTION 2 Summary: REPRODUCTION OF FLOWERING PLANTS
- Fertilization happens in the flower, when pollen is moved from the anthers to stigmas. Fertilization happens when the sperm fuses with the egg inside the ovule. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed. The seed has a tiny, undeveloped plant, and the ovary surrounding the ovule becomes a fruit. As a fruit swells, it protects the developing seeds, helps spread them, and many fruits are edible. Animals can eat fruit and discard the seeds, and some fruits get caught in the animals fur. Once a seed is fully developed, the young plant inside the seed stops growing and may become dormant. Dormant seeds often survive long periods of drought or freezing temperatures, and some seeds need extreme conditions to break their dormancy. When seeds are dropped or planted in a suitable environment, the seeds sprout. To sprout, most seeds need water, air and warm temperatures. Some flowering plants a can reproduce asexually.
* Plantlets: Tiny plants grow along the edges of a plant's leaves. These plantlets fall off and grow on their own.
* Tubers: Underground stems, or tubers, can produce new plants after the dormant season.
*Runners: Above-ground stems, from which new plants can grow are called runners.
* DORMANT- describes the inactive state of a seed or other plant part when conditions are unfavorable to growth.
SECTION 2 Summary: REPRODUCTION OF FLOWERING PLANTS
- Fertilization happens in the flower, when pollen is moved from the anthers to stigmas. Fertilization happens when the sperm fuses with the egg inside the ovule. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed. The seed has a tiny, undeveloped plant, and the ovary surrounding the ovule becomes a fruit. As a fruit swells, it protects the developing seeds, helps spread them, and many fruits are edible. Animals can eat fruit and discard the seeds, and some fruits get caught in the animals fur. Once a seed is fully developed, the young plant inside the seed stops growing and may become dormant. Dormant seeds often survive long periods of drought or freezing temperatures, and some seeds need extreme conditions to break their dormancy. When seeds are dropped or planted in a suitable environment, the seeds sprout. To sprout, most seeds need water, air and warm temperatures. Some flowering plants a can reproduce asexually.
* Plantlets: Tiny plants grow along the edges of a plant's leaves. These plantlets fall off and grow on their own.
* Tubers: Underground stems, or tubers, can produce new plants after the dormant season.
*Runners: Above-ground stems, from which new plants can grow are called runners.
STRAWBERRY RUNNERS
This is a picture of strawberry runners. As shown above, runners are above-ground stems that can sprout into new plants.
SECTION 3 Vocabulary: PLANT RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENT
* TROPISM- the growth of all or part of an organism in response to an external stimulus, such as light.
SECTION 3 Summary: PLANT RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENT
- All plants respond to light, gravity, and the seasons. And, as well as us humans, respond to stimulus. Plants respond to light because they need the light to photosynthesize. When one sprout on a plant isn't getting enough light as all the other sprouts, it will start to grow towards the light. This is called a positive tropism (phototropism). Positive tropism is when a plant starts to grow toward something they need or want. Plants also respond to gravity. When a pot is turned over, the plant inside will start to grow upward or away from the center of the Earth. This is called a negative tropism (gravitropism). Negative tropism is when a plant grows away from something that can kill it. Plants also change and adapt to the four seasons. The night and day length can change the way plants grow. The long-day plants are plants that grow or bloom during the spring and summer. Short-day plants are plants that grow during the fall or winter. Short-day plants usually bloom during the night and long-day plants usually grow during the day. There are two types of trees, evergreen trees and deciduous trees. Evergreen trees have their leaves year-round and deciduous trees loose their leaves around the same time every year. The trees also change color before they shed their leaves. Most trees turn orange or yellow. These pigments are in the leaves. The pigments are always there, the green chlorophyll is the main pigment, however.
* TROPISM- the growth of all or part of an organism in response to an external stimulus, such as light.
SECTION 3 Summary: PLANT RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENT
- All plants respond to light, gravity, and the seasons. And, as well as us humans, respond to stimulus. Plants respond to light because they need the light to photosynthesize. When one sprout on a plant isn't getting enough light as all the other sprouts, it will start to grow towards the light. This is called a positive tropism (phototropism). Positive tropism is when a plant starts to grow toward something they need or want. Plants also respond to gravity. When a pot is turned over, the plant inside will start to grow upward or away from the center of the Earth. This is called a negative tropism (gravitropism). Negative tropism is when a plant grows away from something that can kill it. Plants also change and adapt to the four seasons. The night and day length can change the way plants grow. The long-day plants are plants that grow or bloom during the spring and summer. Short-day plants are plants that grow during the fall or winter. Short-day plants usually bloom during the night and long-day plants usually grow during the day. There are two types of trees, evergreen trees and deciduous trees. Evergreen trees have their leaves year-round and deciduous trees loose their leaves around the same time every year. The trees also change color before they shed their leaves. Most trees turn orange or yellow. These pigments are in the leaves. The pigments are always there, the green chlorophyll is the main pigment, however.
POINSETTIA
This is a collage of how poinsettias change over the summer and winter. In the summer, the poinsettia is usually green. However, in the winter, the poinsettia is either red, blue, or yellow. When a poinsettia is exposed to cold or dry weather, they change color.