CHAPTER 2: THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER
OBJECTIVE: Examine the scientific view of the nature of matter.
SECTION 1 Vocabulary: WHAT IS MATTER?
* MATTER- anything that has mass and takes up space.
* VOLUME- a measure of the size of a body or region in three-dimensional space.
* MENISCUS- the curve at a liquid's surface by which one measures the volume of the liquid.
*MASS- a measure of the amount of matter in a object.
* WEIGHT- a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object; its value can change with the location of the object in the universe.
* INERTIA- the tendency of an object to resist being moved or, if the object is moving, to resist a change in speed or direction until an outside force acts on the object.
SECTION 1 Summary: WHAT IS MATTER?
- Matter is anything that takes up space. Anything you see right now has its own matter. Everything that has matter can also have volume, and because all things have volume, they cannot share the same space at the same time, without bumping the other object out of the way. liquid volume is measured in liters and milliliters. You use a graduated cylinder to measure the volume of liquids. When you pour a liquid into a graduated cylinder, the bottom of the liquid is the meniscus. You may not be able to see the meniscus in a large beaker, because the meniscus is flat in a wide container. To find the volume of a regularly shaped cube or rectangular prism, you use the formula length times width times height. There are other formulas for different shapes. to find the volume of a irregularly shaped solid, you can put the object into a graduated cylinder and measure how much the liquid goes up. Mass is how much matter an object has, however, mass and weight are different things. the grivitational force between an object and the ,Earth depends partly on the object's mass. Even if two objects have the same mass, they can have a different weight, and if one object has more mass, then it will have more weight. Inertia is how much force is being put on a object. Mass is a measure of inertia. If an object has a large mass, it is harder to get moving and harder to stop than an object with less mass.
SECTION 1 Vocabulary: WHAT IS MATTER?
* MATTER- anything that has mass and takes up space.
* VOLUME- a measure of the size of a body or region in three-dimensional space.
* MENISCUS- the curve at a liquid's surface by which one measures the volume of the liquid.
*MASS- a measure of the amount of matter in a object.
* WEIGHT- a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object; its value can change with the location of the object in the universe.
* INERTIA- the tendency of an object to resist being moved or, if the object is moving, to resist a change in speed or direction until an outside force acts on the object.
SECTION 1 Summary: WHAT IS MATTER?
- Matter is anything that takes up space. Anything you see right now has its own matter. Everything that has matter can also have volume, and because all things have volume, they cannot share the same space at the same time, without bumping the other object out of the way. liquid volume is measured in liters and milliliters. You use a graduated cylinder to measure the volume of liquids. When you pour a liquid into a graduated cylinder, the bottom of the liquid is the meniscus. You may not be able to see the meniscus in a large beaker, because the meniscus is flat in a wide container. To find the volume of a regularly shaped cube or rectangular prism, you use the formula length times width times height. There are other formulas for different shapes. to find the volume of a irregularly shaped solid, you can put the object into a graduated cylinder and measure how much the liquid goes up. Mass is how much matter an object has, however, mass and weight are different things. the grivitational force between an object and the ,Earth depends partly on the object's mass. Even if two objects have the same mass, they can have a different weight, and if one object has more mass, then it will have more weight. Inertia is how much force is being put on a object. Mass is a measure of inertia. If an object has a large mass, it is harder to get moving and harder to stop than an object with less mass.
SPRING SCALE
This is a picture of a spring scale. A spring scale is used to measure the gravitatational force on a object object. The measure is expressed in newtons.
SECTION 2 Vocabulary: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* PHYSICAL PROPERTY- a characteristic of a substance that does not involve a chemical change, such as density, color, and hardness.
* DENSITY- the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance.
* PHYSICAL CHANGE- a change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties.
SECTION 2 Summary: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- A physical property is a property that can be recorded and observes without changing the identity. You can ask questions like the color, odor, mass, and volume to find out the object. You don't have to change the objects appearance to see its color or measure its volume. There are many kinds of physical properties that you use every day. The most common one is what state of matter it is; solid, liquid, or gas. Density is the amount of matter in a given space, or volume. If you put liquids in a graduated cylinder from the least dense to the most dense, they will stay apart because of the differences of density. If you want to find the density of something, you divide the mass and the volume. The density of an object can also help you identify what it is.
* PHYSICAL PROPERTY- a characteristic of a substance that does not involve a chemical change, such as density, color, and hardness.
* DENSITY- the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance.
* PHYSICAL CHANGE- a change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties.
SECTION 2 Summary: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- A physical property is a property that can be recorded and observes without changing the identity. You can ask questions like the color, odor, mass, and volume to find out the object. You don't have to change the objects appearance to see its color or measure its volume. There are many kinds of physical properties that you use every day. The most common one is what state of matter it is; solid, liquid, or gas. Density is the amount of matter in a given space, or volume. If you put liquids in a graduated cylinder from the least dense to the most dense, they will stay apart because of the differences of density. If you want to find the density of something, you divide the mass and the volume. The density of an object can also help you identify what it is.
PHYSICAL CHANGE
A physical change is a change that changes an object from one form to another without a change in chemical properties. This Sprite can has gone through a physical change because although its physical appearance has changed, the properties of the can are still the same. It is still aluminum and still has all its parts.
SECTION 3 Vocabulary: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
* CHEMICAL PROPERTY- a property of matter that describes a substance's ability to participate in chemical reactions.
* CHEMICAL CHANGE- a change that occurs when one or more substances change into two entirely new substances with different properties.
SECTION 3 Summary: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- A chemical property describes matter based on its ability to change into new matter that has different properties. Examples of chemical change are flammability and reactivity with oxygen. These both change the properties of the object. Chemical and physical properties are different because physical properties only change the appearance, while chemical properties change the objects properties, like the objects reaction to chemicals. Characteristic properties are the properties that are most useful in identifying a substance; the properties are always the same no matter what the size that sample is. Characteristic properties can be physical properties; density and solubility; as well as chemical properties; flammability and reactivity. Chemical change and chemical property are different. Chemical properties are a substance describe which chemical changes will occur and which chemical changes will not occur, but chemical changes are the process by which a substance changes into a new substance. Examples of chemical change is hot gas, soured milk, and baking. Signs of chemical change are change in color, odor, production of heat, fizzing or foaming, and sound and light being given off. Chemical changes change the identity of the matter involved. So, most of the chemical changes you do every day cannot be reversed. However, some chemical changes can be reversed with more chemical changes. The composition of an object is the type of matter that makes up the object and the way that the matter is arranged in the object. Physical changes don't change the composition of a substance but chemical changes do alter the composition of a substance.
* CHEMICAL PROPERTY- a property of matter that describes a substance's ability to participate in chemical reactions.
* CHEMICAL CHANGE- a change that occurs when one or more substances change into two entirely new substances with different properties.
SECTION 3 Summary: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- A chemical property describes matter based on its ability to change into new matter that has different properties. Examples of chemical change are flammability and reactivity with oxygen. These both change the properties of the object. Chemical and physical properties are different because physical properties only change the appearance, while chemical properties change the objects properties, like the objects reaction to chemicals. Characteristic properties are the properties that are most useful in identifying a substance; the properties are always the same no matter what the size that sample is. Characteristic properties can be physical properties; density and solubility; as well as chemical properties; flammability and reactivity. Chemical change and chemical property are different. Chemical properties are a substance describe which chemical changes will occur and which chemical changes will not occur, but chemical changes are the process by which a substance changes into a new substance. Examples of chemical change is hot gas, soured milk, and baking. Signs of chemical change are change in color, odor, production of heat, fizzing or foaming, and sound and light being given off. Chemical changes change the identity of the matter involved. So, most of the chemical changes you do every day cannot be reversed. However, some chemical changes can be reversed with more chemical changes. The composition of an object is the type of matter that makes up the object and the way that the matter is arranged in the object. Physical changes don't change the composition of a substance but chemical changes do alter the composition of a substance.
CHEMICAL CHANGE
A chemical change is when two or more substances are joined together and form a whole new object. Each of the original ingredients of this cake has different physical and chemical properties than the final product does. You take all the ingredients- cocoa, eggs, butter, flour, etc.- and mix it up to get a whole different thing. When you bake the batter, the heat of the oven and the interaction with the ingredients cause a chemical change. The result is a cake that has properties that differ from the properties of the ingredients.
END OF CHAPTER 2
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